Or John Doesn’t Know S**t about Crypto:
a mostly accurate overview with only a few misleading generalizations
​
It was great presenting to the Notre Dame Tech Forum on a few central crypto concepts:

1. What is money?
2. So why was Bitcoin invented?  
3. Wait, isn’t this all just a scam?
4. Blockchains and Distributed Apps –  powering the future !?
5. Distributed Finance – get a loan without talking to a bank
6. Enterprise Blockchains – so companies / problems I’ve heard use this?
7. Distributed Autonomous Organizations – the future of human society !?

​
​Below is the presentation and here is the recording of the event along with the presentation.
​

Platform and APIs can also lead to happier or at least more easily retained customers (leaving you may also mean leaving or at least changing how they interact with vendors from your partner ecosystem) and a lower cost and higher win rate for big prospects.   The customization afforded in an on-premise world can be more easily replicated for SaaS when there is a platform.  Often you have to say "no, that is not on our roadmap" to a big prospect who needs some specific capability (often for big enterprise prospects it is an integration into a legacy system). However if you have a platform your answer can more likely be "yes, you can do that via our APIs, let's show you how or introduce you to a third party integrator."  (This is certainly one of the few times you'd say "wow, the cloud is finally catching up to on-prem.")

​Later technologies such as blockchain could usher in new era of api-driven business models as Joe Liebkind contends. However much like the same way that 25 years ago we couldn’t imagine the value and capabilities the web delivers today; we have little ability to understand how the proliferation of blockchain’s distributed, trusted, transactional capabilities will impact our economy (more on this in an upcoming blog post). 
 
HOW
Whether building from scratch or undertaking the long, difficult journey to transform current (often on-premise often monolith) software to being services and API based; it's going to be tough.
 
In short, you need to consider your platform business offering like any other business offering

• What are the objectives or strategy
• How are you going to design, build, test and deliver it
• How will your customer use it
• How will you manage and maintain it throughout its lifecycle

​(Themes emphasized by Carol Russell and Forrester’s Randy Heffner)
 
Another way to consider the business plan for an API or platform is the API Model Canvas (created by Manfred Bortenschlager based on the Lean Canvas).

Platform strategy can also be considered through the lens of developer experience.  In an often quoted 2012 speech by John Musser at the O’Reilly Open Source Convention, he said that the
​5 Keys to a Great API are

• Provide a valuable service
• Have a plan and a business model
• Make it simple and flexible
• It should be managed and measured
• Provide great developer support

Every platform requires developers; here are a few tips to provide great developer support and build a vibrant developer community

• Develop inbound SEO acquisition and brand to attract developers
• Create scalable content (tutorials, guides, API references)
• Build community and boost champions
• Have a dedicated developer support and onboarding team (You need people focused on the success of the big partners that your PM and BD team recruited to expand your offering.)
• Understand your audience (and not all of them will be developers. The decision makers and stakeholders in partner companies will include CROs, business  development executives, and CEOs!) 

​Platforms and Product Led Growth
Platforms can help you expand or build your offering and your company in a variety of ways: by organically or inorganically becoming a multi-product line company (good luck doing this without being a platform company), by enabling system integrators (SIs) and value-added resellers (VARs) to implement or extend your SaaS offering, by enabling product partners to provide integrated related functionality, and by allowing you to more easily integrate with supplier partners that provide functionality.​​

(or at least just listen to a select few when considering long term SaaS product strategy)

SHORT TERM SAAS PRODUCT STRATEGY
You should definitely be listening to clients, partners, internal stakeholders, prospects, and product metrics when considering what to do next with your current products - your short term product strategy.  As discussed in SaaS Product Metrics, the KPIs for these products could include win rate, customer adoption, customer NPS, short term revenue, and alignment with the your company's (short term) KPIs and metrics. 

However your short term SaaS product strategy is often focused on market penetration; it is usually a bottom's up view of how to maximize the value of your current products in your current market (your current customers and customers like them).  The Ansoff Matrix, one of the frameworks mentioned in Notes on Software Product Strategy, illustrates that there are other perspective you can consider for your SaaS product strategy.

LONG TERM SAAS PRODUCT STRATEGY
You can consider what future products you can sell into your current markets by creating a (future) product development strategy.  Also you can consider how to modify your current products to sell into future markets as part of your market development plans. (Both of these strategies are easier if you are a platform company; API-centric cloud platforms enable developers to more quickly build complementary products).  
As part of this longer term product strategy you should consider 

• Company vision and longer term company strategy
• Market forces (For example conside Porter's Five Forces framework which is discussed in Notes on Software Product Strategy:  competitive rivalries, power of suppliers, power of customers, threat of new entrants, threat of substitute products). 
• Competitors in these new markets and for these new products
• Ideas from a few of your best and most visionary customers about
  • how your core capabilities can provide value in other parts of their business (future product development)
  • how modified versions of your products can help these customers grow in other geographic / vertical markets.

In other words, you need to build your perspective on a given market and how your offerings and distinct value proposition fits into this ecosystem. 

And remember you need short term deliverables for longer term strategic goals agreed upon across your company as there will always be pressure to use that capacity to accommodate short term revenue requests.  There will always be an inherent tension between the Sales team who is paid to deliver monthly and quarterly results and the Product team who is paid to consider quarterly and yearly impact.  

And there will always be less capacity than you think. 

Core SaaS Company Metrics include:

• Customer Acquisition Cost
• Annual Recurring Revenue
• Annual Contract Value (or Net New ARR)
• Churn (attrition)
• Cash Flow

https://blog.hubspot.com/service/saas-metrics
https://a16z.com/2015/08/21/16-metrics/
​

from: https://www.forentrepreneurs.com/saas-metrics-2/

Tien Tzuo CEO of Zuora says that there are only three metrics that really matter for SaaS companies:

• Retention Rate (how much ARR you keep every year)
• Recurring Profit Margin (ARR - Churn - non-growth spend)
• Growth Efficiency (how much does it cost you to acquire $1 of ACV)

http://www.slideshare.net/Zuora/zuora-always-on20123-saas-metrics-that-matter-12301579
https://www.socialmediatoday.com/content/3-key-metrics-matter-new-subscription-economy
​

Product Metrics:
As a product manager or product business owner you should choose from these core SaaS company metrics and a variety of other metrics to understand the performance of your product.  Track both the metrics themselves and the trends in your metrics such as:

​Marketing & Sales Performance (for different markets / segments)

• Customer Acquisition Costs (including marketing lead analysis and sales funnel analysis)        

​from: https://www.forentrepreneurs.com/saas-metrics-2/

General Product Health

• Main Value Proposition Metric:                                                                             Is your product achieving its described central benefit for your principal (or various) persona?  “Administrators can now save 50% more with our offering… End users can do this task 75% faster...”
• Other Product Usage Analytics:                                                                             In-product analytics help you see if your product is behaving and creating value as expected. Product engagement tools such as Pendo, Google Analytics, or Adobe Analytics can facilitate this analysis. Often enterprise SaaS or transactional applications are trying to lower the amount of time a user spends to complete a task unlike consumer or engagement apps which are trying to increase the total time a user spends in an application. 
• Overall Financial Analysis:                                                                                   This includes many of the metrics already mentioned and others such as Gross Margin, Customer Lifetime Value, and metrics which represent whatever other assumptions were made as part of the business case and pricing strategy.
• Internal Team Metrics:                                                                                           Obviously a broad variety of metrics could be considered including team sentiment and key stakeholder metrics such as feature release quality for Dev Ops or story points for Agile teams.
• Software Quality and Support:                                                                                Examples include open tickets (per customer), time to close (different priority support tickets) and open bugs. 

Further References:

• https://www.pragmaticmarketing.com/resources/articles/15-product-management-metrics-you-should-know
• https://280group.com/product-management-blog/25-metrics-matter-mobile-product-managers-2018/
• https://www.gainsight.com/blog/calculate-6-key-customer-success-metrics/
• https://productcoalition.com/critical-metrics-every-product-manager-must-track-c5f1e46e3423
• https://medium.com/product-breakdown/product-management-analytics-what-metrics-should-you-be-measuring-241609b1950d
• https://svpg.com/the-role-of-analytics

Recently in my blog on Product Frameworks, I mentioned some of the common components of a product strategy.  Previously I published some product strategy notes from the class I taught at Stanford in their Continuing Studies department.  (Also here is a video of me discussing Platform / ISV strategy while at Salesforce.com).

Basic Strategy Model
When I taught my class, the basic strategy model was:

• Where should we go?  Using market analysis & competitive analysis, financial plans, and success metrics.  
• Why will we be successful there? Using core competencies, mission, and competitive differentiation.

​Market & competitive analysis sources include:  clients, analysts, competitor websites, and other internet / published sources; and they can be utilized in one or more of a different frameworks such as (mostly from Gorchels The Product Managers Handbook)

• Market Segment Analysis (percentage of company sales, percentage of industry sales, market attractiveness, size, growth rate, etc.) 
• Basic Competitive Analysis (including competitive analysis via advertised positioning)
• Competitive Analysis Alternatives (direct competitors, substitutes, etc.)

This analysis can help you make decisions both about a specific product and about investments across a product line or portfolio. 

Product Portfolio Decisions
Other frameworks that help you make your portfolio investment strategy decisions include Porter's Five Forces for Market Competitiveness

Blue Ocean Strategy: How to Create Uncontested Market Space and Make Competition Irrelevant by Kim and Mauborgne 

 
​Boston Consulting Group's Product Portfolio Growth-Share Matrix

​Ansoff Matrix

However the trade-offs are rarely that simple as we need to consider a variety of factors:

• New Product vs. Mature Product
• New Market vs. Existing Market
• Short Term vs. Long Term Revenue
• Usage vs. Revenue
• Client A vs. Client B
• Research vs. Development
• High Risk vs. Low Risk

Agile Product Strategists
As stated in the Product Frameworks blog post, with the advent of Agile methodologies another viewpoint is that product strategy activities are owned by Product Strategists (External Facing Agile Product Managers):

• Understand market needs and competitors offerings
• Talk with customers; work closely with Sales, Marketing, Services and Product Marketing
• Position product and create roadmap
• Own launches, pricing, beta programs, and product revenue
• Consider next major release and next MRD

Lean Startup
An even more recent take on product strategy is what is prescribed for start-ups by Eric Ries in Lean Startup (Amazon, Medium, Wikipedia)

In short, startups have a vision and employ a strategy to achieve their vision (business model, roadmap, product roadmap, point-of-view about partners, competitors, customers), the product is the end result of this strategy.  Products are always evolving, sometimes strategies change, visions almost never change.

(from LightCastle Partners)
​​ 
An MVP for a proposed solution or product should be quickly defined and then  actionable (not vanity) metrics should be used to quickly iterate and incrementally improve a product for a better product market fit (Build-Measure-Learn feedback loop).  The two most important assumptions are the value hypothesis and the growth hypothesis.   Your MVP will have to be geared towards early adopters who understand the kinks haven’t been completely worked out for your innovative product.

Previously I listed a few product management resources including 

• Marty Cagan's book "Inspired" which I review here
• A list of product mgt associations, consultants, blogs, and courses 
• A few product management and business strategy books 

In those resources there are product frameworks that can help you consider what are the right activities at the right time during a product lifecycle. These include:

280Group's Optimal Product Process

Brian Lawley and the 280 Group has some great PM training and resources.
​​
Pragmatic Marketing Product Management Triad

(As previously mentioned, Pragmatic Institute is well known for its training.)

SirriusDecisions Product Marketing and Management Model

(Recently I discussed some of these frameworks with a few colleagues including Kathleen Marzahl and Rick Xu). 

One theme often found in these frameworks and in other descriptions of product management is a delineation between technical (execution, internal facing) and strategic (external facing) activities.

Often in Agile methodologies there are:

Technical PMs (Internal Facing “Agile Product Owner”)

• Lead daily stand-ups, get issues resolved that are in the way of developers making progress
• Own product specifics (PRD, specific requirements) and backlogs
• Work on dev/test/release process (or ultimately a DevOps culture with frequent releases) and bug log w/ Tech Lead
• Consider the next minor release

 
Strategists (External Facing Agile Product Managers):

• Understand market needs and competitors offerings
• Talk with customers; work closely with Sales, Marketing, Services and Product Marketing
• Position product and create roadmap
• Own launches, pricing, beta programs, and product revenue
• Consider next major release and next MRD

Here are a few additional resources that detail this distinction
ProductPlan Product Manager vs. Product Owner
Aha Product Manager vs. Product Owner
Agile Product Manager vs Product Owner at SmartSheet

Similarly Marty Cagan says establishing a strong product culture requires 

• Innovation culture: compelling product visions, strong product managers, empowered business and customer savvy teams product teams often in discovery
• Execution culture: urgency, high-integrity commitments, accountability, collaboration, results orientation, recognition, strong delivery management, frequent release cycles 

​There are several distinct pricing models for the on-going use of a Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) offering.  

​​​(Often there will be distinct tiers in these different models in which the cost increases as the capacity or capabilities of the offering increases.  Also there are often increasing discounts for an increasing amount of pre-committed volume; with an additional “overage” fee for when a customer surpasses that volume.)  


Per User or "Per Seat"
     Pros: Easy to calculate and allocate, encourages adoption and increased usage by users who have a license or seat.
     Cons: Discourages adoption across a company by creating a barrier (seat license) for potential infrequent users - who might later become frequent users. Slack’s per-active-user model partially addresses this by only charging for users have been active in the last two weeks (https://www.quora.com/Who-pays-for-Slack)
     Examples:  Salesforce (CRM).  Has a standard per user licensing model which increases as the number of users and the capability increase (currently from $25/month to $300/month). https://www.salesforce.com/editions-pricing/sales-cloud/
     This pricing model can sometimes vary across roles. 

Per Transaction
     Pros:  Enables adoption from the occasional to the power user which helps make the offering ubiquitous across the client's organization significantly increasing its value and impact. (This is SAP Concur's pricing model and its adoption is often aided by it being the only way an employee can be reimbursed for their expenses. Opinions are my own, but I work for SAP Concur).
     Cons: For some high price per transaction offerings, the lack of an all-you-can-eat model can limit usage for a given user or on a given project. 
     Examples: Concur https://www.concur.com/en-us/small-business/expense.
     Note: A variation of this per-number-of-transactions model is a per-$-of-transaction model.  For example it seems that Zuora, a subscription billing company (so helps actualize pricing models), bases their model on the amount of subscription revenue the customer has on Zuroa's platform. https://www.quora.com/Does-anyone-know-the-cost-to-use-a-solution-like-Zuora
https://www.mckfastgrowthtech.com/time-rethink-per-user-pricing-enterprise-saas/

Per User or Per Transaction Freemium (free is often ad-supported) 
    Pros: Enables easy adoption
    Cons: Must have compelling enough capabilities so that users will adopt the free version; but still significant enough differentiation that users will upgrade to the paid version. 
    Examples: Slack:  https://slack.com/pricing.  While Slack has a standard per user model, they also have a free version "for small teams wanting to try out Slack for an unlimited period of time.” So Slack doesn't limit time, but it does limit storage (and other premium capabilities) in the free version. 

Per Project
     Based on the value of the project (construction management) or portfolio (financial assets under management) that is benefiting from the offering.
      Pros: Encourages viral adoption for all users and third party partners across a project (leading to familiarity and possible adoption on future projects). The benefits of this type of model is that it encourages interactivity and adoption with all the participants involved; both within the subscribing company and by other third parties (often subcontractors).  
     Cons: This all-or-nothing approach makes it unsuitable for use on a small portion of a given project; and makes it difficult for the gradual increased adoption across an entire project. 
    Examples: Some financial services SaaS products and some construction management products such as Aconex, a construction project management tool. Aconex drives adoption of their  “project wide solutions" by including "unlimited access to training and support resources for every organization you work with.”  (From certain sources it seems that Aconex contends with the cons of this model by offering an enterprise model for companies that adopt their tool across many projects and a per user pricing model when the tool is just used for a small portion of a project). 
https://project-management.com/aconex-software-review/
https://www.aconex.com/pricing
https://www.eurekareport.com.au/articles/138999/aconex-xero-construction-sector

Per Resource Used (or Pay-as-You-Go): 
    This is more common in the rent-a-resource world of PaaS/IaaS where providers will charge based on resource usage; example per CPU or per GB storage.
   Example: AWS (https://aws.amazon.com/ec2/pricing/) which has per hour (and per second) pricing that can vary depending on required availability of service, "on-demand" is more expensive than "spare capacity" pricing.  

Per Outcome or % of Savings:
     While many offerings claim a hard dollar ROI, a pricing model which is based on a percentage of that return on investment (such as savings) can be compelling.
     Pros: Obviously this model aids adoption since the buyer only pays if they receive the guaranteed benefit.
     Cons: Only certain offerings have specific well-defined financial benefits such as savings. Also there are specific companies who have moved away from this models since it leads to disagreements with their customers over the specific savings achieved.
     Examples: Vat Reclaim: TaxBack https://www.taxback.com/en/corporate/vat-recovery/ and VATiT: https://www.vatit.com/en/page/vat-recovery

Per Company (Flat-rate or tiered) 
    For simple services provided by SaaS providers                  
    https://www.cobloom.com/blog/saas-pricing-models

Open Source Model
    Open sourced companies often charge for support or additional features (in which case it could be consider a type of freemium model). https://techcrunch.com/2016/02/09/the-money-in-open-source-software/
     Examples: RedHat (Linux) or Docker (containerization) 

Loss-Leader
    Some offerings are either free or sold at a considerable discount as a loss leader for other products or services that are provided by the company (such as computer hardware).


Other Notes:
   Hybrid Model: As noted by McKinsey, companies can use hybrid models that include both user and non-user metrics. https://www.mckfastgrowthtech.com/time-rethink-per-user-pricing-enterprise-saas/
   Price as a Client Buys:  Almost as bad as trying to convince a prospect that they have a problem that they should pay you to solve, trying to convince a customer to purchase your solution in a manner that doesn't align with their business and how they typically buy services is problematic. Therefore you should understand how a typical customer buys a solution like yours before you define your pricing model. 
   Pricing Strategy:  This blog posts suggests a few different models used to price a SaaS offering, but it doesn’t address the more complex question of what should your price be considering a given model.  (One simple framework is the three C’s: cost-based pricing, customer value-based pricing, and competitor-based pricing.) 
  On-Premise: SaaS pricing models are typically distinct from on-premise pricing models which are generally based on a one-time perpetual license plus an on-going service and support fee.
   Non-Profit Pricing: Many of these companies provide a free or significantly reduced pricing for non-profits which is a good cultural signal about the company.
    Setup and Training Costs:  Ideally your SaaS product is easy to “discover, try, and buy” with a quick time to value with minimal setup that can be performed by the customer. Sometimes either the complexity of the software or the topic prohibits this, so that there needs to be implementation (and possibly data migration) and/or training provided either by the SaaS company or a third party.  Often this is baked into the on-going fee, sometimes it is a distinct upfront cost. 
    Sources:  Information for this article came from sources including: 
          https://www.inturact.com/blog/the-top-10-saas-pricing-strategies
          https://www.cobloom.com/blog/saas-pricing-models
          https://www.cloudesire.com/7-best-pricing-models-for-saas-businesses/
          https://blog.kissmetrics.com/saasy-pricing-strategies/

As I learn more about the travel technology business; I have found a few sources particularly helpful: 

     skift.com  @skift

     tnooz.com  @tnooz

     gbta.org @GlobalBTA 

     thebeat.travel   @TheBeat_travel

     phocuswright.com @PhoCusWright 

     The last two are paid content.  
     And of course: 

     tripit.com/blog/ @TripIt

     concur.com/blog @Concur


(Thanks to @dmhoffer and http://www.tripit.com/blog/2014/01/15-must-read-travel-blogs-for-2014.html)

Presenting at Dreamforce '13 as part of Founders Forum 

A hands-on session around company and product strategy which will help you make decisions on how to grow your SaaS product business, including how to:

-Measure growth and define success
-Identify common roadblocks to company growth
-Determine where to focus your efforts 
-Refine company & product portfolio strategy and trade-offs
-Assess different potential opportunities    


Thursday, 11/21/2013 10:00 AM
p.force.com/foundersforum
Click here to learn more about my session in the Dreamforce app